ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ, ⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ ⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵃⵙⵉⴷⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴱⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ. ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵛⵍⴻⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵟⴰⵔ. ⴷ ⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⵡⴰⵙ ⵣⵖ ⴱⵔⵔⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵙ ⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵍⴰⵥ, ⵖ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵍⴰⵣⵎⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓ ⵉⵅⵛⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴱ ⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵡⴰⴱⴰ ⵏ COVID-19 ⴷ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵇⴰⵢ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵅⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵢⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2020 ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵇⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵖ ⵉⵇⴰⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵖ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ, ⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2019.
ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵜ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ (ⴷ ⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼⵏ) ⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ. ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵍⴰⵔⵚⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏⵉ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴼⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ 2021 ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⴷⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵥⵕⴼ ⵖ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵅⵛⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵣⵖ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ 19. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵇⴰⵄⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴽⵎ 52 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵖ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵊ ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⵍⵉ ⵍⵉⵊⵎⴰⵍⵉ. GDP ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2019, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵍⵉⵏⵅⵉⴼⴰⴹ ⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⵜⴳⴰⵏ 23.1 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021. ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⴰⵔⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⴰⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵏ ⵚⵔⴼⵏ, ⵉⴳⵓⵣⴷ ⵚⴰⵃⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵊ ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⵍⵉ ⵍⵉⵊⵎⴰⵍⵉ GDP ⵖ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ 36.5% ⵖ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2019 ⴷ 2021, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵚⵏⴰⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵣⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2022 ⵎⴰⵙⵉⴳⴰ” ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵅⵍ ⵏⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ” ⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⴰⵢⴰⵙ “ⴷⴰⵅⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵢ”.
ⵉⵛⵇⴰ ⴰⵏⵓⵚⴼ ⵍⵅⵙⴰⵢⵔ ⵍⵄⴰⵟⵉⴼⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵊⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵙⵉⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵏⵓⴱⵛ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. (2020), ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵜ ⵙⵜⵜⵔⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵀⵓⵍ ⵉⵖ ⵣⵉⵡⵣⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵍⵡⴰⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⴷⵔⴰ ⵏⵙⵏ ⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵅⵍⵙⵏ ⵍⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵚⴰⵔⴼ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ. ⴰⵔ ⵏⵣⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ 60% ⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵡⴰⵃⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ Covid-19 ⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵣ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵍⵉⵖ ⴱⵃⵔⴰ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵇⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ (Grey et al., 2020). ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵇⴰⵢ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2020, ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵓⵡⵔⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵍⵎⴰⵅⴱⴰⵣⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴽⵛⵓⵎ ⵎⵥⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴹⵉⵄⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ 45% ⵍⵉ ⴷⴷⴰ ⵎⴰⵇⴰⵔⵏ, ⵉⵜⴹⴰⵄⴼ ⵍⵉⵏⵜⵉⵛⴰⵔ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵙⵏ (Habib, El-Haddad, Elzein, & Hojeij, 2020).
ⵖ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵇⴰⵢ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵊⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵢⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2020, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⴹⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ NGO Embrace ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ 903 ⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ 83% ⵣⵖ ⵡⵉⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵍⵉⴽⵜⵉⵢⴰⴱ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵉⵀⵜⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⴰⵃⵏ ⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵉ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ, ⵏⴰⵏ 78% ⵎⴰⵙ ⵇⵍⵇⵏ ⴱⴷⴰ, ⴷ ⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 84% ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵙⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⵊⵀⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵚⴷⴰⵄ ⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵅⴰⵟⵉⵔ ⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵇⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵉⵍⵉⵏ. ⴰⵢⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵓⵔ, ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ 55% ⴷ 46% ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵍⵉⴽⵜⵉⵢⴰⴱ ⵉⵛⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵇⴰⵍⴰⵇ, ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ (Embrace, 2020). ⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵇⴰⵢ, ⵜⵎⵍⴰⵖ ⵍⴱⴰⵢⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ 3400 ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵄⵜⴰⴱⵔⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⴰⵏ (ⵍⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, 2020). ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ 11.5% ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵍⵄⴰⵢⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵉⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵖ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵏⵜⵉⵃⴰⵔ.
ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⴰⵔⴰⵖ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⵔⴰⵙⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴼ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⴷⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴹⴰⵢⵇ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵙⵉ ⵖ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏⵉ.
ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵍⵉ ⵙⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ, ⵢⵓⵊⴰ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵇⴰⵢ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵊⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵢⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2020 ⵍⵡⴰⴹⵄ ⴰⵢⵜⴼⴰⵇⵎ ⵖ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ. ⵉⵇⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵇⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵇⴰⵄ ⵍⵎⵓⵚⵉⴱⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ (Morganstein & Ursano, 2020). ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵊⵊⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴹⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵍⴽⴰⵡⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⵍⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵟⴰⴱⵉⵄⵉⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ, ⵡⴰⵅⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵃⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ, ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵓⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵄⵔⴹⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⴽⵙⵙⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ (Morganstein & Ursano, 2020).
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵇⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵛⵏⵓⴱⵛ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴼ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⴷⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵓⵢⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵓⵇⵄⴰ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵇⴰⵢ ⵖ ⴱⴰⵢⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2020. ⴰⵔⴷⵉⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵍ ⵄⵢⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵍⵊⴰⵎⵉⵄⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵖ ⴱⴰⵢⵔⵓⵜ. ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⴰⴹ. (2021) ⴰⵍⵃⴰⵢⴽ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⴰⴹ (2020) ⵉⵛⵉⵔ ⵉⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵉⵟ ⴰⵏ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⴰⵙⴰⵙⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵀⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵖ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵊⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵙⵎⵔⵃⴱⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⵎⴰ (PTSD), ⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵙⵔⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵇⴰⵍⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵣⴰⵊ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵟⵉⵔⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵀⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵍⵉⴷⵎⴰⵏ. ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵃⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏⵉ ⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵡⵉⴽⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵉ ⵡⵔⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵃⵓⴽⵓⵎⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⵇⴰⵢ ⵖ ⵣⵉⵢⴰⴷⴰ ⵖ ⵍⵄⴰⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵢⴰⵙ, ⴰⵖⵊⵊⵉⵔ, ⴰⵛⵢⵢⵇ, ⴰⵇⴰⴹ, ⴰⵎⵏⵓⵙ( ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵡⵉⴷⵉ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⴰⴹ., 2020.).
ⵉⵜⵄⵔⴹ ⵛⴰⵄⴱ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵃⴷⴰⵜ ⵚⴰⴷⵉⵎⴰ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵉⴹⵟⵉⵔⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵣⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⴰⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵍⵃⴰⵔⴱ ⵜⵙⵓⵍ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵙ (1975-1990), ⴷ ⵍⵉⵃⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ (1985-2000), ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵇⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ 2005-2021, ⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵔⴱ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2006, ⵍⴰⵣⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵇⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵍⵡⴰⴱⴰ ⵏ COVID-19 (2019- ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ), ⴷ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵇⴰⵢ ⵖ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵢⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2020 (ⴰⵍ ⵃⴰⵊⵊ, 2021). ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⴷ, ⵍⵎⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵇⴷⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵄⵔⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵍⵉⴹⵟⵉⵔⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⵎⴰ PTSD ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵚⴷⴰⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵚⴰⴷⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ (ⴱⵓⵙⴽⵉ, 2020).
ⵉⵇⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵚⵍⴰⵃⴰⵜ ⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵛⴽⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴱⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵏⵔⴰ ⵍⴰⵡⴹⴰⵄ ⵖ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵉⵃⵙⴰⵏ. ⵉⵇⴰⵏⴷ ⴼ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵍⴽⵓⵟⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵜⴳ ⵛⴰⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵍⵉⵙⵜⵉⵇⵔⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵉⵇⴰⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵍⵉⵟⴰⵔ ⵏⵉⵇⴰⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵖ ⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙ ⵜⵃⴷⵉⴷ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵄⵜⴰⵎⴷ ⵍⵅⵓⵟⴰ ⴼ ⵉⵣⵎⵓⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵉⵜⵙⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵇⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵖ ⵍⵃⵓⴽⵓⵎⴰ ⵏⵙⵏ: (a) ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⵅⴰ ⴰⴳⵉⵙ ⵏⵜⵃⴽⵎ ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ; (b) ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵎⵍⴰⵢⴰ ⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵉ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵚⵔⵉⴼⵉ; (c) ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴰⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵚⴰⵔⴼ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵙ; (d) ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵙⵉ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵃⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵉⵜⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵢⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵉⵜ; (e) ⵍⵉⵚⵍⴰⵃⴰⵜ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ; ⴷ (f) ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ.
ⵖ ⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰ ⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⵉⵇⴰⵏⴷ ⴼ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵡⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰⵅ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ. ⵔⴰⴷⴳⵏⵜ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⴰⵄⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵎⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵊⵊⵉ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵀⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵓ (ⵙⵡⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⵉⵢⴰⴷⵉⵢⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵚⵔⵉⴼⵉⵢⴰ). ⴷ ⵙⵡⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⵔⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵣⴻⵔⴱⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵕⵓⵕⵉ ⵉ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⵀⵓ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⴱⵉⴷⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵉ ⵙⵉⵇⴷⵔ ⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ. ⴱⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳ ⵍⵃⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ, ⵎⴰⵢⵜⴰⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵏⵉ ⵜⵛⵇⴰ.
ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵇⵓⴷ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏⵙ, ⵉⵇⴷⵔ ⴰⵏⵜⴰⴼⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵜⴰⵟⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵍⵎⵓⵃⴰⴼⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵅⵍⵉⵚⵉⵏ, ⵣⵖ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵍⵉⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵍⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵉ ⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⵏⵓⵣⴰⵔ ⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵓ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵓ ⵉⵅⵛⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⴼⴽⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⴰⵣⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⴻⵔⴽⵙ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰⵇⴰⵜ ⵍⵉ ⵙⵜⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ. ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵟⴰⵉⴼⵉ ⵖ ⵍⵖⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵙ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵏⴰⵇⴷⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⴻⵔⴽⵉⴱⴰ ⵏⵙ ⴷⵉⵏⵉⵢⴰ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵊⵓⵎⵀⵓⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵜ, ⵉⵇⴰⵏⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵢⵉⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⵡⴰⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵟⴰⵉⴼⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵍⵓⵃ ⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟⵉⵢⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⴰⵉⴼⵉ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵛⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵢⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ.
ⵡⴰⵅⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⴷⵔ ⴰⵢⵛⵇⵓ ⴷ ⵔⴰⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵉⵣⵔⴱⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵃⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ. ⵉⵇⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵟⴰⵉⴼⵉⵢⴰ ⵏⵙ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵜⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵡⴰⵅⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵔⵙⴰ ⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵜⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵚⵍⴰⵃⴰⵜ. ⵉⵇⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⵉ ⴱⴰⵢⵔⵓⵜ ⵔⵓⵃⴰⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⵏⵙ ⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵖ ⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵍⵉⵇⵍⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ. ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵖⴰⵍⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵣⵎⵣⵣⴰ ⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵓ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ. ⵓⵍⵍⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔ ⵍⵃⴰⵍⵜ ⵍⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵏⴰⵉ ⵖ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵄⴰⵇⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⴰⵣⵎⵣⵣⵓ ⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⵢⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵓⵛⴰⵔⴰⴽⵏ.
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